![]() Prior to the Spemann-Mangold organizer experiment, Spemann had focused on constricting salamander eggs at the blastopore lip by tying single strands of his baby son’s hair around the tiny eggs. Experimental embryologists used micropipettes to remove cells from developing gastrulas, and transplant the cells to new sites. ![]() The rubber could be depressed by the thumb of the user to create a minute amount of suction and was useful for transplantation experiments. Additionally, Spemann created micropipettes that relied on the suction created by a piece of rubber covering the top of the hollow, thin glass rod. When heated and drawn a second time, the needle had an even finer point that allowed experimental embryologists to take embryos out of the jelly membranes in which they were ensconced. The thin needle-like part of the rod was broken off, and then placed over a smaller burner called a micro-burner, another one of Spemann’s inventions. To make a glass needle, Spemann held a glass rod over a burner and pulled it apart so that it became incredibly thin in the middle. Spemann also developed the microtools needed for early experimental embryology, namely glass needles and micropipettes. In the first three decades of the twentieth century, Hans Spemann experimented and led graduate students in conducting experiments with South African clawed frog embryos ( Xenopus laevis) and newt embryos ( Triturus taeniatus and Triturus cristatus). The Spemann-Mangold organizer drew the attention of embryologists, and it spurred numerous experiments on the nature of induction in many types of developing embryos. Spemann received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1935 for his work in describing the process of induction in amphibians. Now integral to the field of developmental biology, induction is the process by which the identity of certain cells influences the developmental fate of surrounding cells. The discovery of the Spemann-Mangold organizer introduced the concept of induction in embryonic development. Hilde Mangold was a PhD candidate who conducted the organizer experiment in 1921 under the direction of her graduate advisor, Hans Spemann at the University of Freiburg in Freiburg, Germany. The Spemann-Mangold organizer, also known as the Spemann organizer, is a cluster of cells in the developing embryo of an amphibian that induces development of the central nervous system.
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